quarta-feira, 30 de setembro de 2009

Da (Nova) Ordem Internacional - Reflexões Soltas I

Ultimamente tenho reflectido sobre o estado actual do mundo. Da dita ordem, ou desordem, internacional, do seu significado e do seu possível futuro. Tenho sido acusado de pessimismo, fatalismo - qualidades ao que parece próprias de um senhor velhote no leito da morte e nunca de "quem tem a vida pela frente".
Tudo começou quando dei a minha, inusitada, opinião sobre a ONU. Afirmei considerá-la uma organização internacional pretensamente universal, suposta responsável pela manutenção da paz e segurança internacionais. Cujo real objectivo sempre fora desenvolver e sustentar uma nova ordem internacional no pós-guerra em beneficio dos seus vencedores (os cinco grandes, ou por outra, a URSS e os EUA). E que como tal, até esta, falhou redondamente o seu principal objectivo.
As Nações Unidas não só não se demonstraram em tempo algum capazes de garantir paz e segurança algumas, como foram ainda menos capazes de organizar qualquer ordem internacional. A verdade é que foi vitima de uma era conturbada. Uma era de oposição ideológica onde as novas potências procuravam desesperadamente uma nova forma de interacção.
Nessa medida a ONU, foi um fracasso. Teve grandes êxitos, claro está, nomeadamente na promoção do direito internacional, nas ajudas ao desenvolvimento e humanitárias e noutras áreas. Porém, não acredito que tenham sido seus êxitos a não eclosão de uma guerra entre as grandes potências, nem as independências e muito menos a paz relativa que hoje vivemos. No primeiro caso, devemos tudo à intimidarão nuclear, ao MAD e ironicamente à corrida armamentista. No segundo à mudança de paradigma, onde quem mandava acordava em poucas coisas, sendo uma delas o direito de auto-determinação. Aí poderei reconhecer à organização um papel de catalizador mas não de mãe das independências.
Quando digo que a ONU falhou, digo-o com um certo sabor amargo na boca. Entristece-me, embora não me surpreenda, constatar que o maior fórum internacional alguma vez criado, com grandes laivos de democraticidade, se tornou, após o conflito silencioso, o maior legitimador da ordem "ocidental". Tal como noutros tempos a Santa aliança ou o exército romano, o seu principal papel tornou-se manter a actual balança de poderes.
Bem... poderão discordar, dizendo que o seu papel não é esse que apenas é manipulada para tal. Pese embora isso poder ser verdade, o facto é que em termos práticos o efeito se não for igual é muito semelhante. Bem sei também que o Direito Internacional é um importante factor na construção da actual ordem visto que ele é tendencialmente respeitado. Resta saber até quando e se o Direito é ou não um agente do sistema, neste caso se ele não existe e serve os interesses de uns em detrimente dos restantes.
Existe ainda a questão da idade da organização. Reconheço que entre a sua criação e subida dos E.U.A. à posição de líder mundial passaram aproximadamente 45 anos. Acontece que enquanto assim foi o mundo era bipolar e aí a ONU nada podia. Tendo sido pouco mais que um palco de espectáculos onde se brincava à nova ordem internacional democrática. Tendo também servido pontualmente de marioneta ora nas mãos de um ou doutro bloco. Tendo ainda sido paralisada por inúmeras vezes pelos vetos, de uns e outros, que impediam o que quer que fosse de acontecer, ou já esquecemos os primeiros anos das Nações Unidas?

Correrá a Organização das Nações Unidas hoje o risco de desaparecer ou de se tornar obsoleta com a alteração de paradigma que se avizinha?


P.S.- Falo aqui da ONU, estando bem ciente, que esta não se cinge ao Conselho de Segurança. O leitor deverá no entanto compreender que para este post é a ordem internacional, logo o Conselho de Segurança, que importam.

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